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Vacuum History




Vacuum Industry Year Equipment Develoment Credit


1643

Mercury Barometer

Torricelli


1849

Bourdon Gauge

Bourdon
Founded

Leybold

1850

Founded

Heraeus

1851





1855

Mercury piston pump

Geissler


1865

Mercury siphon pump

Sprengel


1874

McLeod mercury vacuum gauge

Herbert G. Mcleod
Founded

Becker

1885

Founded

Pfeiffer

1890



Founded

Stokes Machine Co.

1895



1906

Pirani vacuum gauge

Pirani



Thermocouple vacuum gauge

Voege


1910

General use of oil-sealed rotary vane vacuum pumps




1913

Mercury vapour diffusion pump

Langmuir, Gaede



Molecular drag pump

Gaede, Holweck


1916

Hot cathode ionization gauge

Buckley


1917

Bourdon vacuum gauge

Lorenz
Founded

Edwards High Vac.

1919





1924

Rotary piston vacuum pump

Stokes Co.


1926

Oil in diffusion pump

Burch, Hickma


1929

Capacitance manometer

Olsen & Hurst
Founded

CVC Div.

1934



Founded

Carbolite

1938

Liquid air cold traps on diffusion pumps




1943

Mass spectrometer leak detector

Backus, Noir, Manhattan Project
Founded

Balzers

1946



Founded

LTE

1947



Founded

Varian Associates

1948



Founded

CVC

1952



Founded

CVT

1953

Better pumping with evaporated Ti

Herb


1954

Hot cathode Magnetron vacuum gauge

Conn & Daglish
     1955  Commercial Roots Vacuum Pump
 Leybold, Philander and Francis Marion Roots


1957

Turbomolecular pump

Becker, Pfeiffer
Founded

Kinney Vacuum

1958

First Pfeiffer turbomolecular pump

Pfeiffer

     1958   First Integrated Circuit (Germanium)
 Jack Kilby (Texas Inst.)
     1958  Second Integrated Printed Circuit (Silicon)
 Robert Noyce, Traitorous Eight, (Fairchild)


1959

Sputter ion pump

Hall, Varian
Founded

Varian Vacuum Div.

1959 Cold cathode Magnetron vacuum gauge Penning
Founded

MKS Instuments

1961

Modern capacitance manometer gauge

Wolfe
Founded

Varian




Founded

Alcatel

1962



     1962  A partial pressure of 10^-17mbar is measured with magnetic-sector mass spectrometer
 William D. Davis
Founded

Busch

1963

Founded

VAT

1964

Founded

CTI Cryogenics

1967



     1969  Association of Vacuum Equipment Manufacturers AVEM Founded
 AVEM
Merged

Leybold & Heraeus




Founded

HVA

1973

Founded

Polycold

1974



1978

Line of lobe booster blowers introduced

Stokes Co.
Founded

Espec

1980

Thermal FM/MFC instruments

MKS
Founded

Aerzen

1983



Founded

Stokes Vacuum Div.

1988





1989

All metal MFCs

MKS
Founded

Ebara

1990



1992

Hybrid turomolecular/molecular drag pump




1994

Mini Baratron

MKS
Founded

Chell Div.

1995



Acquires

Edwards, Stokes

2001




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